A total of 11,662 individuals (e.g., students, housewives, corporate executives, and professionals such as scientists, engineers, and teachers) responded to our online survey.
Sample items included “There are many social norms that people are supposed to abide by in this province/city” and “In this province/city, if people behave in an inappropriate way, others will strongly disapprove.” These measures tap the perception of tightness of social norms in each province. ( 2) in all of the 31 provinces in mainland China at three points in time between 20. We administered a six-item measure on cultural tightness developed by Gelfand et al. All participants read and signed an online informed consent form before completing our survey. This study is approved by the Institutional Review Board of the authors’ institution. Through this work, we investigate how cultural tightness manifests in Chinese societies and its association with provincial level outcomes such as innovation tendencies and individual-level outcomes such as problem-solving styles, personality, and happiness. This research maps how cultural tightness varies across the 31 provinces of China, providing evidence that advances the theorizing of cultural tightness as well as our understanding of China. Thus, regional variations in cultural tightness are expected. Social conventions, cultural practices, language, and labor mobility also vary across provinces due to historical reasons ( 6). Over the past two decades, provinces in China have undergone substantially different developmental stages in terms of economic, social, institutional, and science and technology (S&T) reforms ( 4, 5).
To what extent does existing knowledge about cultural tightness apply to China, the world’s largest emerging economy and home to about one-fifth of the world population? Given China’s unique economic and political model, existing findings about cultural tightness may not completely apply. Further, analyzing about 3.85 million granted patents in China (1990–2013), we find that provinces with tighter cultures have lower rates of substantive/radical innovations yet higher rates of incremental innovations individuals from culturally tighter provinces reported higher levels of experienced happiness. Departing from previous findings that tighter states are more rural, conservative, less creative, and less happy, cultural tightness in China is associated with urbanization, economic growth, better health, greater tolerance toward the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community, and gender equality. Consistent with prior research, we find that culturally tight provinces are associated with increased governmental control, constraints in daily life, religious practices, and exposure to threats. This paper presents in detail the properties, theoretical bases and, not least, capability of the new method, using numerous graphs and a fully elaborated example.We conduct a 3-y study involving 11,662 respondents to map cultural tightness-the degree to which a society is characterized by rules and norms and the extent to which people are punished or sanctioned when they deviate from these rules and norms-across 31 provinces in China. More precisely, the paper shows that between paid losses and incurred losses there are almost always correlations that are ignored in the usual procedure of making a separate chain ladder method, on the other hand, takes advantage of these correlations, transferring any conjunction of paid and incurred losses that occurred in the past into the projection for the future. This paper analyses this problem with regard to the chain ladder methods, using examples and generally valid equations, and describes a solution: the Munich chain ladder method. Even worse, paid losses may yield a higher ultimate loss projection than incurred losses in one accident year, but in the next accident year, the situation may be entirely reversed, with incurred losses yielding the higher projection of the ultimate loss. Often, the problem arises that the projection based on paid losses is far different than the projection based on incurred losses. the sum of paid losses and case reserves. The IBNR reserve for a portfolio is usually calculated on the basis of both the run-off triangle of paid losses and the run-off triangle of incurred losses, i.e.
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